{"id":1908,"date":"2019-12-08T20:24:42","date_gmt":"2019-12-09T02:24:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/bookofdreams.us\/?page_id=1908"},"modified":"2019-12-08T20:24:42","modified_gmt":"2019-12-09T02:24:42","slug":"tcmos-grammar-parts-and-syntax-of-a-sentence-chapter-5-part-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bookofdreams.us\/writing\/my-blogs-on-chicago-manual-of-style\/tcmos-grammar-parts-and-syntax-of-a-sentence-chapter-5-part-2\/","title":{"rendered":"TCMOS \u2013 Grammar: Parts and Syntax of a Sentence \u2013 Chapter 5 \u2013 PART 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sunday, December 8th<\/sup>,\n2019
\nBlog #5 of my learning from #TheChicagoManualOfStyle.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last Sunday, I covered nouns, pronouns,\nadjectives, and verbs. Today, the topics are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. The rest of the parts of speech
    1. Adverbs<\/li>
    2. Prepositions<\/li>
    3. Conjunctions<\/li>
    4. interjections<\/li><\/ol><\/li>
    5. Types of sentences<\/li>
    6. Sentence patterns and structure
      1. Clauses and negation<\/li>
      2. Expletives<\/li>
      3. Negation<\/li>
      4. Parallel structure<\/li><\/ol><\/li>
      5. Word usage \u2013 the right and the wrong way<\/li>
      6. Removing Bias from Writing<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Parts of Speech (Remaining from the Previous Blog)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Adverbs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        A word that can\u2019t stand on its own but exists only to describe an action\/verb. Constantly. Very. Right. More. Most. Rather. Too.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        A sentence adverb modifies an entire sentence. Fortunately<\/strong>, it didn\u2019t rain during our hike. Simple\nand flat adverbs<\/em> take the ly<\/em> suffix. While Phrasal<\/em> adverbs such as \u201cin the meantime\u201d contain more words than one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Degrees of adverbs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Positive adverbs<\/em>: Express a quality. Merrily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Comparative adverbs:<\/em> They compare. Better. Less painfully. Sooner.
        Certain adverbs don\u2019t follow the normal comparative rules. Example: little,\nless, least. Certain adverbs are noncomparable. Ex: Uniquely. Then. On. First.\nFinally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Superlative adverbs<\/em>: Most. Best. Least. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Placement of adverbs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Place an adverb near the verb it modifies (best following the intransitive verb\u2014\u201cperched precariously<\/strong> on a thin branch\u201d) but can occasionally precedes as \u201cseldom happy with me\u201d (TCMOS, 5.169). Sometimes, adverbs (adjective clusters) modify words that aren\u2019t verbs. Partly over. Very short. Too long. Only when. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Note\nthe difference between \u201cI feel bad\u201d (I feel unwell<\/em>) versus \u201cI feel badly\u201d (I\nfeel badly about something missing in this sentence<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        When modifying a verb phrase, place the adverb between the auxiliary and principal verbs. The island was brutally damaged<\/strong> by the hurricane.<\/em> When placed improperly, adverbs modify the wrong word and alter the intent of the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Prepositions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        A word that can\u2019t change form, linking parts of\na sentence to the noun. About. Below. On. Under. From. Of. Out of. On which.\nJust like other parts of speech, prepositions can be simple or compound.\nPhrasal or participial (regarding, respecting). In the sections above, I am covering their proper usage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Tip #1: If one preposition serves the same\nfunction of a phrasal preposition, go with the single preposition. Economics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Tip #2: Place the preposition as close as possible to the\nword it modifies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Tip #3: Although some may object to ending a\nsentence in a preposition, calling it informal, it\u2019s okay to do so for a more natural flow. If you remove all prepositions from the end, dialogues will become formal and\nunnatural. So, be careful with rules and tips.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Tip # 4: When the same preposition appears consecutively\n(to give in in<\/strong> every argument), change the order of words. Avoid this\nsituation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Tip #5: \u201cLike\u201d is not equal to \u201cas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u201cLike\u201d governs nouns (or pronouns). \u201cLike Romeo\nand Juliet\u201d. Not like this sentence => \u201clike she said it would happen.\u201d Consider\nusing conjunctions as<\/em> and as if <\/em>although spoken language is changing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Tip #6: Place \u201conly\u201d carefully because it can\nfunction as an adverb, an adjective, or a conjunction, capable of modifying a part of speech instead of one word. It\nonly modifies the part immediately following it and misplacing it will inevitably alter\nthe meaning of the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Tip #7: Avoid \u201cupon.\u201d Go with \u201con\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Tip #8: Limit the use of prepositions! Don\u2019t\nhave over one preposition for every ten words. Here are five ways to chop prepositions from your manuscript.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        1.    Convert passive voice to active<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        2.    Convert prepositional phrases with genitives<\/strong> => complexity of the exam vs the exam\u2019s\ncomplexity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        3.    Convert prepositional phrases with adverbs<\/strong> => spoke with caution vs spoke cautiously.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        4.    Cut unnecessary prepositional phrases<\/strong> => Omit the zombie nouns<\/em> that end\nwith -ance, -ence, -ity, -ment, -sion, or -tion. How? Her performance<\/strong> was\ngraceful => She performed gracefully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        5.    Cut prepositional phrases<\/strong> => (TCMOS, 5.187) \u201cingredient in this\nrecipe\u201d => cut \u201cin this recipe.\u201d It\u2019s\nunderstood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Some examples of proper usage of preposition with\nwords:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        1. Becoming of<\/em> <\/strong>(an office or position). I have a chapter named \u201cBecoming of Queen Elizabeth.\u201d That fits. But if my chapter was on a random person called Adam Jones, it would be \u201cBecoming Adam Jones.\u201d Note:<\/strong> no preposition in the second example. Of <\/em>precedes a position.<\/li>
        2. Differ<\/strong> from<\/em> [a thing\/quality]; with <\/em>[a person]; about, over, on <\/em>[an issue].<\/li>
        3. Preferable<\/strong> to<\/em> [not than<\/em>], over<\/em> [an alternative].<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          Conjunctions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          A word that connects;\nCan be simple (and, but, if, or, though) or compound (although, because,\nnevertheless, unless . . .), coordinating (joining equal ranked clauses; take\ncommas), correlative (used in pairs), or subordinating (joining unequal clauses;\ntypically take no commas).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Despite the taboo, 10%\nof sentences begin with a preposition. Be careful with \u201cbut\u201d for sentences not in opposition. \u201cBut\u201d is stronger than \u201chowever\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Interjections<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          A strong feeling. Ugh.\nOuch. Never again! Hey. Well. Interjections are grammatically independent from\nthe rest of the sentence. Psst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Syntax<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The arrangement of words as flowers\nin a bouquet is a syntax. Statements have subject preceding a verb unless asking a question, Basic? Not so fast. Consider the following\nsentence types: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Simple<\/em>: Single independent clause. I love warm snuggles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Compound<\/em>: Two independent clauses. I love warm snuggles most days,\nbut some days I want to be left alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Complex<\/em>: Single independent clause and one or more dependent\nclause. Pay attention to your punctuation and modifiers in these. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Compound-complex: <\/em>Multiples independent and dependent clauses. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Here are acceptable word orders in\nEnglish. S = subject, V = verb, O = object, IO = indirect object, C =\ncomplement, and A = adjective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          SVO, SVC, SVA, SVIOO, SVOC, SVOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Negation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          A negative statement. None. No. not. No one. Nothing. Don\u2019t. Hardly. \u201cNot\u201d usually follows the principal verb or auxiliary but can negate any element of a sentence. It\u2019s place changes the meaning. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          I definitely did not love the new\ncar. (certain of not loving the new car)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          I did not definitely love the new\ncar. (uncertain that I love the car)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Unlike \u201cnot,\u201d \u201cno\u201d negates adjectives and nouns. Avoid using with adjectives as it can muddle the meaning. Using pronouns to negate like nobody, nothing can help with economics of words and sentence flow. You never listen! vs You do not ever listen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Expletives<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          A word with no lexical meaning but\nthere to provide structure. \u201cIt is\u201d \u201cThere\u201d An expletive shifts the emphasis to\nthe predicate containing the true subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          It is<\/strong> true that I used to be afraid of the dark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          This statement tells us the truth\nabout what I used to be afraid about. Instead of I used to be afraid of the\ndark, it shifts the emphasis to \u201ctruth.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          That brings me to \u201cit.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          When to use \u201cit\u201d and\nwhen to omit it? Unless it performs the function of an antecedent or is the\nsubject of a \u201cbe-verb,\u201d omit \u201cit\u201d as it adds no value to the sentence. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          It is best to stay indoors after\ndark => Stay indoors after dark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          There<\/em>: Don\u2019t confuse expletive \u201cthere\u201d with the adverb \u201cthere.\u201d\n(TCMOS, 5.241) \u201cThere seemed to be someone\u201d vs \u201cSomeone seemed to be there.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Parallel Structure<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Series of like clauses, comma separate must have same word order (SVO . . .)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Poor:\nI visited the local churches, the native eateries, and took a guided tour of\nancient ruins.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Better:\nI visited the local churches, the native eateries, and the ancient ruins, where I took a guided tour.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Don\u2019t repeat the preposition in each\nelement when same for each coordinate, but insert it if each element takes a different\npreposition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Works:\nWe won the races at London, Germany, and Arica.  [instead of at London, at Germany, and at Africa.]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Works:\nWe went room-to-room, searching for him in the closet, under the table, behind\nthe curtain, and inside the attic.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Ensure to place the preposition next\nto the verb it modifies else you risk lack of clarity and ensure the auxiliary\nverb is outside of all the coordinating clauses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Word Usage<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Of<\/strong>: Avoid of. Use \u201call\u201d instead of \u201call of\u201d. Use\n\u201cout\u201d instead of \u201cout of\u201d. Use \u201coff\u201d instead of \u201coff of\u201d. Similarly, try and remove \u201cof\u201c with\n\u201chalf.\u201d Half the people. Avoid \u201cof\u201d\nafter \u201cinside\u201d and \u201coutside\u201d too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          All right<\/strong>: Use two words (instead of nonstandard\nalright.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          All together<\/strong>: Altogether means \u201centirely\u201d. All together\nrefers to time and place like a reunion. We will be all together during\nThanksgiving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Alongside:<\/strong> Do not use \u201cof\u201d next to alongside as it means\n\u201cat the side of\u201d by itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          A lot<\/strong>: Two words, not one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Anyone \/ any one<\/strong>: \u201cAnyone\u201d is singular and refers to no one in\nparticular. \u201cAny one\u201d is more emphatic and refers to a single entity. I haven\u2019t\nread any one of those books. Has anyone? (same concept for everyone and every\none) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Avoid the words \u201cbased\non<\/strong>\u201d and \u201cbasis<\/strong>\u201d which an adverb can substitute. Say \u201cdaily\u201d\ninstead of \u201cdaily basis.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Chord \/ cord<\/strong>:Musical instruments have chords. But\nif denoting a rope as in vocal, umbilical, spinal, or even pertaining to the\nheart, it\u2019s a cord, not a chord.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Use word two<\/strong>\ninstead of a couple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Deadly \/ Deathly<\/strong>: First word means capable of great harm, and\nsecond means arousing the thoughts of death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Disinterested<\/strong> is not the same as uninterested (which means\nunconcerned) but use it to signify no financial stake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Each other \/ one\nanother<\/strong>: Two? Use each other.\nOver two? Use one another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Enumerable \/\nInnumerable<\/strong>: Enumerable =\ncountable list like agenda items. Innumerable = can\u2019t count like the\nstars. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Every day <\/strong>= adverb. Everyday<\/strong> = adjective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          If \/ Whether<\/strong>: Use of \u201cwhether\u201d presents alternatives. Use \u201cwhether\u201d to introduce a clause or clarify meaning. Ex: I asked if <\/strong>I looked fat. This implies whenever I looked fat, I asked. \u201cI\nasked whether <\/strong>I looked fat\u201d makes more sense. \u201cWhether\u201d in an imperative\nstatement can imply regardless while \u201cif\u201d limits to the condition. Tell me if I look fat. (say nothing if I don\u2019t.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Lay \/ lie<\/strong>: \u201cLay\u201d verb needs an object and means to make\nhorizontal. Lay your guns down. Laid to rest. Lay-laid-laid are the\ninflections. Lie is an intransitive verb. Lie-lay-lain. Lie down. (TCMOS didn\u2019t discuss lie that means to not speak the truth. Lie-lied-lied.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Led \/ Lead<\/strong>: Led is the correct past tense of lead.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Much \/ Very<\/strong>: Use both scarcely but when you do, use \u201cmuch\u201d with past-participial adjectives (much obliged) and \u201cvery\u201d with adverbs\n(very carefully).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Palette \/ Palate<\/strong>: An artist has a palette to mix colors while\nmy tongue has a diverse palate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Sneak<\/strong>: Sneak-sneaked-sneaked (and not snuck.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          That \/ which<\/strong>: \u201cThat\u201d is used to narrow a category. To use \u201cwhich\u201d restrictively, precede with a preposition (in which). Nonrestrictively, \u201cwhich\u201d precedes by a comma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          American English\nprefers toward, afterward, downward, upward, backward without an s<\/em>.\nSome editors prefer this version for consistency. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Removing Bias<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Maintain credibility\nby consciously removing bias such as sexism or other\nstereotypes unless written to make a point. Here are ways to remove bias from\nwriting according to TCMOS:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          1.    Omit the pronoun – Remove \u201che\u201d \u201cshe\u201d (by changing sentence structure).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          2.    Repeat the noun for the pronoun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          3.    Use plural antecedent – Students must study diligently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          4.    Use an article instead of pronouns – An accused must waive his\nright to . . . => An accused must waive the<\/strong> right to . . .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          5.    Use neutral singular pronouns like \u201cone\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          6.    Use a relative pronoun \u201cwho\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          7.    Use imperative mood\u2013A parent must care for the\nwellbeing of her children => Care for the wellbeing of children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          8.    Use \u201che\u201d \u201cshe\u201d in moderation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          9.    Revise the sentence to arrange the words to remove bias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Don\u2019t make it so\nobvious that you are removing a bias that you risk sounding wooden or unnatural. Ex: replace a chairperson with a chair. Newly coined words such as a police officer instead\nof a policeman, a firefighter instead of a fireman, a mail carrier instead of a mailman\nare noteworthy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          What about other\nbiases? Judgements the world is littered with. \u201cEmphasize the person, not\ncharacteristic (label),\u201d says TCMOS. A Catholic woman = label. A deaf-mute boy\n= label. Instead, say: She is Catholic, or the child is deaf and mute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          When irrelevant, avoid\nmentions of sex, race, ethnicity, disability, age, religion, sexual\norientation, transgender status, or social standing. It\u2019s no taboo to write\nabout these topics. Not one bit. But if that is not the topic, don\u2019t distract\nfrom your message by invoking your or your reader\u2019s biases. Because lets\nface it, we all have them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          My Takeaway<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          I\u2019m happy to close on\nchapter 5 in two blogs. I learned a lot, and I don\u2019t have an elevator pitch\nexcept one. I will now know how to use this chapter as a reference effectively.\nI pen down with the pleasure of learning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Source: The\nChicago Manual of Style<\/em>, SEVENTEEN EDITION.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n


          \n
          \n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Sunday, December 8th, 2019 Blog #5 of my learning from #TheChicagoManualOfStyle. Last Sunday, I covered nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs. Today, the topics are: The rest of the parts of speech Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions interjections Types of sentences Sentence patterns and structure Clauses and negation Expletives Negation Parallel structure Word usage \u2013 the right and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1809,"parent":1807,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P6kaFb-uM","jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bookofdreams.us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1908"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bookofdreams.us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bookofdreams.us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bookofdreams.us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bookofdreams.us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1908"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bookofdreams.us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1908\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1909,"href":"https:\/\/bookofdreams.us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1908\/revisions\/1909"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bookofdreams.us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1807"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bookofdreams.us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1809"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bookofdreams.us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1908"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}